Making a Difference free essay sample

Thus, making a difference is doing something. It is either acting on, accomplishing something or much more, it is making changes actually happen. Then, what is it that I have to act on or I have to accomplish? Why do I have to do that something? I think that making a difference is doing something for a reason?something that would enable myself to reach out to others; so that, they too, are empowered and can also make a difference in another persons life as well. So, what reasons?Perhaps, George Linnaeus Banks have summarized it all, for the cause that lacks assistance, for the wrong that needs resistance, for the future in the distance, and the good that I can do. Any. Pay, what do like to do to make a difference? I like to accomplish something. Like to study and learn new things. I like to go and explore unfamiliar heights. We will write a custom essay sample on Making a Difference or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I like to get new perspectives and able to open my sight and my understanding about the things I cannot clearly grasp before. That way, like to influence change to happen and improve the lives of other people. So that, in return they would also be willing to reach out to others and encourage them to change. I like to add another hand to stop corruption in the Government, I like to feed at least one hungry mouth. Like to put a smile on an old mans weary face. I like to encourage others to protect the environment by being a good example?throw my garbage properly perhaps or plant more trees In exchange of old ones being cut. Recycle things as much as possible. I also like to teach adults that there ©s nothing wrong in going back to the basics.More over, I went to college to finish my course and to earn a degree. A degree would make me academically equipped and armed with proven theories and principles that will serve as a solid foundation to be a better person, to be exceptionally good in my chosen field and to become somebody who can think systematically and righteously enough to be willing o share my skills and knowledge to others. That way, I can easily convince other people to comprehend things and be able to act on situations as righteously as possible.

Wolf Reintroduction to Yellowstone Park Essay Example

Wolf Reintroduction to Yellowstone Park Essay Example Wolf Reintroduction to Yellowstone Park Paper Wolf Reintroduction to Yellowstone Park Paper Wolf Reintroduction To Yellowstone Park Ted Fessides Ecology, Summer Semester 2011 Professor Thomas Heasley July 15, 2011 Contents Introduction3 History4 The Cons of Wolf Reintroduction6 Pros of Wolf Reintroduction7 Summary9 11 Reintroduction of Wolves at Yellowstone Park Introduction While highly controversial, the reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone Park has provided many beneficial ecological changes to the entire parks ecosystem. After a nearly 70 year absence, in January of 1995, 14 wolves from separate packs were captured in the Canadian Rockies and transported to Yellowstone National Park in the states of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho (Sanders par. 2). The Canis Lupus or more commonly known as the gray wolf is the largest wild member in the Canine family. While once covering vast areas of the North American and European continent, the grey wolf was hunted to near extinction in the 1900’s due to mostly folk lore and fear. There were at least 136 confirmed kills between 1914 and 1926, and by the 1970’s biologist could find no evidence of a wolf population in Yellowstone Park. (National Park Service par. 1). Wolves were highly populated when the park opened in 1872 but due to predator control measures, lack of legal protection for the species, and the classification as a nuisance animal all played factors that led to their absence in the park. It was for this reason that the gray wolf was placed on the Endangered Species List in 1974 and it has taken until 2008 and more than 27 million dollars to bring the species back into a suitable population and remove them from the endangered list (Associated Press par. 12). The move to reintroduce the wolf was very controversial with conservational and environmental groups pushing and supporting the measure but many ranchers and farmers in the area being very wary of it. But there was no denying that the ecosystem of the park had changed since the wolves’ absence, with a large increase in the elk and coyote population but a steady decline in beavers and certain native insects, trees and shrubs. History In 1987 the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) introduced a plan to Congress to reintroduce an experimental population of wolves into Yellowstone. In 1991 Congress authorized funds to conduct a study of introducing wolves back into the park in a joint plan between USFWS, National Park Service (NPS) and the U. S. Forest Service (National Park Service par. 4). Finally, in 1994 the Secretary of the Interior signed off on the Final Environmental Impact Statement or FEIS, allowing the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone (National Park Service par. 4). In 1995 the Canadian Government allowed capture of 14 gray wolves in the Rocky Mountains in Alberta, Canada. Wolves were captured from many different packs due to the difficulty in trapping an entire pack and also to diversify the DNA pool for future breeding (Sanders par. 3) The wolves were divided up into three groups and placed into three one acre acclimation pens in the Lamar Valley of the park and readied for a soft release. A soft release involves holding animals temporarily in suitable habitat to get them acclimated to their new surroundings and to discourage widespread dispersment that often happens with hard release, which involves transporting animals to their new home and releasing them immediately (Sanders par. 35. 38). Hard release is also less successful due to the territorial instincts of wolves, with wolves killing or fighting any other olf that may enter their territory. The wolves that were released outside the park in Idaho were given a hard release and mostly scattered and did not develop a pack bond like those in the acclimation pens (Sanders par. 39,41). According to Mike Smith, who works for Yellowstone Park, â€Å"In general, the acclimation has worked very well, In fact of the 31 wolves brought in from Canada, there was only one wolf who did not take to soft release, that wolf was #27 who killed almost 50 sheep a few weeks ago and had to be destroyed† (Hamann par. 5). While in the acclimation pens the wolves were fed a diet of elk and other road kill with wolves typically consuming 21 to 32 pounds of meat in a single feeding. In March of 1995, three of the packs were released in Yellowstone, but with one issue; the wolves refused to exit through the gate because they had associated it with humans, forcing the park rangers to cut a hole in the side of the enclosure for them to escape (Sanders par. 11). Once the wolves were released two of the packs left the park and set up their territory leaving only one group initially setting up inside the park. On May 3, 1995 female wolf number nine gave birth to eight puppies, the first wolves to be born in the park in nearly 70 years. The mother and pups were recaptured and taken back to the acclimation pen, until the pups were weaned (Sanders par. 15). The reason for this recapture was because at this time, this wolf and her eight pups counted for almost 50% of the park’s wolf population. Since this time there have been no other human interventions preferring to let nature take its course on the population. In 1996-1997 a second group of wolves was captured and brought to Yellowstone for introduction via soft release with two more acclimation pens being built, bringing the total to four. In the winter of 1997-1998 the reintroduction of wolves was stopped due to the high success of the wolf packs breeding and the pups surviving on their own. The breeding and pup survival was so high in fact that in just ten years the gray wolf was taken off the endangered species list and it’s status changed to threatened in the reater Yellowstone area. It is estimated that since the initial introduction of 66 wolves in the mid 1990’s the population has soared to an estimated 1500 in the Idaho, Wyoming and Montana area surrounding the park (Associated Press par. 1). The Cons of Wolf Reintroduction Of course the reintroduction of the gray wolf had many critics, from neighboring ranchers and farmers concerned for their livestock to residents concerned for their children and pets. In an open forum meeting in Grangeville, Idaho it was shown how much public education was needed when the local school superintendent raised concerns over rural children at bus stops being targets even though there is not one verified report of a human attack by wolves in North America (Wolf Reintroduction: How the wolves came back par. 4). It was again the fear and folklore surrounding the wolf that made the public uneasy and in need of education. As the debate over wolf reintroduction continued, the rancher’s opposition to wolf recovery centered around two fundamental issues. First, they were concerned about wolf predation and whether or not they, personally, would be able to manage depredating wolves. Second, they were concerned about their rights to federal landsprobably their biggest concern. A rancher from Dillon, Montana, expresses his fear, We are more worried about the land grab with the wolf than we are depredation. Ranchers, loggers and other industrial interests that utilize federal lands were concerned that the lands they were accustomed to using would be restricted from further use because of the wolf. Neither this concern regarding land use rights nor the concern over depredation could be answered easily (Wolf Reintroduction: How the wolves came back par. 6). To help alleviate the ranchers concerns, Defenders of Wildlife, a nonprofit organization supporting wolf reintroduction launched a program to compensate ranchers and farmers who lost livestock to wolf depredation. AS of 2002 DOW had paid out approximately 270,000 dollars to ranchers in the Northern Rockies region (Wolf Management par. 7). Another major concern was that of native species population with the reintroduction of the wolf. There was much concern over what would happen to the native population of elk, bison and other carnivores, such as the grizzly bear, coyotes, red foxes and others that live in the park. It was speculated that their populations would all drop dramatically with the reintroduction, as wolves can overhunt large animals like deer and antelope. To go along with that concern was also those of the big game hunters who claimed that the wolves would be directly competing for the same big game animals they were, which in turn would decrease the numbers of hunters and the money they spend and contribute to the greater Yellowstone area. One other large issue is the large amount of money it takes to reintroduce a species. This is money that the government could use towards larger and more important issues facing this country. As stated earlier it is estimated that as of 2008 approximately 27 million dollars of federal money has been spent to support the reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park (Associated Press par. 12) Pros of Wolf Reintroduction One of the biggest pros since the reintroduction of the gray wolf into the greater Yellowstone area is that of the economic impact it has had on the region. A survey conducted in 2005 by Yellowstone staff estimates that wolves bring in approximately 22 to 48 million annually (John W. Duffield 17). This is done by the wolf presence, which leads to increased visitation to Yellowstone Park, which in turn leads to increased spending in the communities surrounding the park, and increased recreational enjoyment for residents and visitors alike. Another benefit of the wolf reintroduction is an improvement on the ecosystem of Yellowstone; in 1995 when the wolves were reintroduced there was only one colony of beavers in Yellowstone Park. Ten years later there are nine colonies of beavers, all due to wolf depredation on elk. After the removal of wolves from the park the elk herds grew, these larger herds grazed heavily on willow and elm trees which the beavers depended on. Another factor was that with the wolves out of the park the elk did not have any pressure from predators pushing them around the park, which in turn led to them staying in one area and over grazing (Farquhar par. 2). Because of he increased beaver population and dispersement through the park, their dams have many positive effects on the ecosystem, such as, â€Å"they even out the seasonal pulses of runoff; store water for recharging the water table; and provide cold, shaded water for fish, while the now robust willow stands provide habitat for songbirds† (Farquhar par. 12). The dams also trap sediment, replenish ground water, and cool water temperature which has a direct effect on Yellowstone cutthroat trout, moose, waterfowl, muskrats and ot her rodents and numerous insects and amphibians (Ecological benefits of wolves par. ) Another benefit was that a study done by University of California at Berkley found that decreased snowfall and increased wolf population has greatly benefited other carnivores and scavengers from ravens to grizzly bears. â€Å"Instead of a boom and bust cycle of elk carrion availability-as existed before wolves and when winters were harder-theres now a more equitable distribution of carrion throughout winter and early spring† said Chris Wilmers in the on-line journal Public Library of Science Biology. He added that scavengers that once relied on winter-killed elk for food now depend on wolf-killed elk. This benefits ravens, eagles, magpies, coyotes and bears (grizzly and black), especially as the bears emerge hungry from hibernation’ (Farquhar par. 23). The most recognized and well-documented ecological benefit of wolves is that they have resumed the important role of maintaining healthy wildlife herds in the northern Rockies by selecting young, old, physically impaired, or diseased animals. By reducing prey numbers, dispersing these animals on the landscape, and removing sick animals, wolves also may reduce the transmission and prevalence of wildlife diseases such as chronic wasting disease and brucellosis (Ecological benefits of wolves par 2). Summary The return of the wolf to the greater Yellowstone area has had significant ecological benefits in a relatively short period of time. Ecological concerns contributed to the decision to return wolves and should play a role in how states manage this keystone species. Although it is easy to focus on the perceived negative impacts of wolves, it is important to recognize the actual benefits they provide to our ecosystem. By regulating wildlife herds and reducing the prevalence of diseases, revitalizing riparian areas, reducing coyote densities, providing food for scavengers and indirectly improving conditions for a host of other species, wolves play an essential role in maintaining the ecological health and integrity of the landscape. From an economic standpoint, the cost of reintroduction is far outweighed by the benefits of increased tourism and the money they spend. When it comes to livestock depredation, wolves garner a great deal of attention yet they are only one of many concerns for ranchers in the greater Yellowstone area and have less of an impact than often is perceived. Livestock is more likely to be lost because of inclement weather, disease, and domestic dogs than it is by wolves. Environmental Issues The thing I was most impressed by from writing this report was that of how by introducing one species into an ecosystem or should I say reintroducing a species was the snowball effect it had on other species in that system. I knew of the reintroduction of the wolves to Yellowstone Park but I thought it was only about returning a native species to its original habitat. I was amazed at how the ecosystem has not only grown but flourished with their reintroduction. Wolf reintroduction has grown the local economy in the greater Yellowstone Area through tourism and increased recreational activity. It has benefited the ecosystem through increased beaver numbers which in turn has improved the stream live. Through the decrease in the elk population the trees and shrubs have been able to grow benefiting numerous woodland animals. This story is one of the greatest conservation stories of the 20th century that continues today. Associated Press. Western Wolves coming off the endangered list. 27 Feburary 2008. msnbc. com. 9 July 2011 . Ecological benefits of wolves. November 2009. JHalliance. Org. 9 July 2011 . Farquhar, Brodie. Yellowstone National Park Wolf Reintroduction is changing the face of the greater Yellowstone ecosystem. 2006. Yellowstone Park. 9 July 2011 . Hamann, Jack. Wolves return to Yellowstone sparks controversy. 12 November 1997. CNN. 2 July 2011 . John W. Duffield, Chris J. Neher, and David A. Patterson. Wolf Recovery in Yellowstone: Park Visitor Attitudes,Expenditures and Economic Impact. The George Wright Forum (2008): 17. Maughan, Ralph. History of the Greater Yellowstone wolf restoration. n. d. 6 July 2011 . National Park Service. Wolf Restoration. n. d. 2 July 2011 . - . Wolves of Yellowstone. n. d. 3 July 2011 . Sanders, Kevin. Yellowstone-Bearman. 2009. 2 July 2011 . Wolf Management. April 2003. Montana fish, wildlife and parks. 8 July 2011 . Wolf Reintroduction: How the wolves came back. n. d. www. uidaho. edu. 9 July 2011 .

Battles Of The Civil War Essay Research

Battles Of The Civil War Essay, Research Paper John Brown one time said, Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should give up my life for the promotion of the terminals of justness, and mix my blood further with the blood of my kids and with the blood of 1000000s in this slave state whose leotardss are disregarded by wicked, barbarous, and unfair passages, # 8211 ; I submit ; so allow it be done! He believed that the lone manner to free bondage from the United States was through bloodshed. He was right in stating this because on April 12, 1861, the American Civil War began. It was the most destructive war of all time fought in the Western Hemisphere. In footings of human life it was besides one of the most dearly-won wars. There were many different grounds for the Civil War, bondage being the prevailing ground. The immediate ground for the Civil War was the battle between the North and South over Fort Sumter. Lincoln had given South Carolina the pick of either allowing the garrison to keep out or unfastened fire with its shore batteries. In answer, the Southerners commenced fire. The onslaught on Fort Sumter and its gaining control angered many Northerners and began a loyal battle to salvage the brotherhood. One of the first major conflicts of the Civil War was the Battle of Bull Run. Federal military personnels, amounting to 30,000 marched from Washington, D.C. , to assail the Confederate forces positioned near Bull Run Creek at Manassas Junction, Virginia. The Union forces were close to triumph until Confederate supports sent Union military personnels into a retreat back to Washington. This conflict boosted moral of the South and lowered the North s. The North s hope for a short war was shattered. The B attle of Antietam illustrates how bloody the Civil War really was. Lee led his ground forces across the Potomac into enemy district. He hoped that a major Confederate triumph in the North would convert Britain to back up the Confederacy. McClellan, commanding officer of the Union ground forces had intercepted Lee s program and the invading Confederates at Antietam Creek. This was the bloodiest twenty-four hours of all conflicts that went on during the Civil War. Entire casualties for both sides amounted up to over 26,000 work forces, either being killed, wounded, captured or losing. The Battle of Gettysburg was besides one of the bloodiest conflicts. On July 1,1863 Lee and the Confederate ground forces surprised the Federal soldiers at Gettysburg. Through the yearss of conflict much of the Confederate ground forces was destroyed because of Lee s finding to win the war. Much of the Confederates were left for dead and the few that remained alive retreated to Virginia. This conflict was one of the most important conflicts of the war and besides one of the bloodiest. The figure of casualties was the greatest for this conflict, adding up to over 50,000 work forces killed, wounded, losing or captured. A month before Lee surrendered his ground forces President Lincoln was assassinated. His blackwash shocked and horrified many. This was the concluding act of ferociousness during the clip period of the Civil war. John Brown was right in stating that the lone manner to free the United States of bondage is through bondage. The combat between the North and South over slavery provinces and slavery free-states had to stop. Through the loss of lives, the devastation of land and places, and the blackwash of the president the Americans rid themselves of bondage

Timeline of Historical Events, Movements or Individuals (History of Research Paper

Timeline of Historical Events, Movements or Individuals (History of the USA to 1865) - Research Paper Example it was initiated by the Virginia Company. Thomas Jefferson is included among the list of Presidents of United States of America who played a vital role towards the constitution formation and obtaining the declaration of independence of United States of America. He was born in 1743 and he was an integral part of the American Revolution and overall process. Also he due to his innumerable achievements and contributions is listed among the few who are called the founding fathers of United States of America. He also remained the Secretary of State and further, remained the United States Minister to France. His other contributions in the professional capacity include his standing and duty performance as the Governor of Virginia. He remained the Vice President as well. A decade long war that started in 1753 and lasted till 1764. It is important in the history of American nation on number of accounts. Firstly, it served as the foundation step towards the internal resentment against the English, secondly it was fought in the form of a proxy war between the English and the French who had their influence and presence in the region. Third was the fact that it set the grounds for the later on Seven Years War which was to be fought directly between the Great Britain and France. The warring territories engaged in this battle were Nova Scotia and parts of Virginia in the modern day United States. The final outcome came about in the form of victory towards the English. The first Continental Congress proceedings lasted between September and October of 1774. It was important on number of grounds. The first was the fact that nearly all the states sent over their representatives for the grand gathering with the mere exception of Georgia. The event was held in Philadelphia. It was significant on the account of fact that a platform was made where it was established that this platform would make efforts to overcome the obstacles

J. M. Synges Riders to the Sea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

J. M. Synges Riders to the Sea - Essay Example In fact, Synge’s one act drama has all the essential traits of a drama such as plot, character, conflict, action, dialogue, etc. But a tragic drama or a tragedy, Synge’s work does not fulfill Aristotle’s definition of tragedy. Synge’s one-act tragedy is essentially the tragedy of common man. Therefore though it does not deal with the downfall of a character of noble status, its story holds a serious and tragic theme. Synge’s work imitates the lives of the people of Aran Islands, more universally speaking, the tragedy of the life of seafaring people, through the life of an elderly domestic woman, Maurya. Through Maurya’s actions and dialogue with her daughters, Cathleen and Nora, her son, Bartley, and the Priest, Synge’s audience learns that the heroine is, both directly and indirectly, in conflict with her destiny and the sea. The descriptions of the characters’ actions are simple mimicries of daily activities, such as â€Å"Ma urya drops Michael's clothes across Bartley's feet, and sprinkles the Holy Water over him†, â€Å"Cathleen and Nora kneel at the other end of the table†, etc. Maurya’s helplessness in front of the cruel smile of fate or destiny becomes evident in the following line, in which the audience can see a destitute and lonely woman who, having lost all of her sons except Bartley and male relatives, is failingly attempting to prevent Bartley from going to Connemara because of some unknown fear of losing him in the sea: â€Å"He won't go this day with the wind rising from the south and west†¦for the young priest will stop him surely† (Synge). In this speech of Maurya, the audience is informed for the first time that this lonely and elderly lady is hardly heard off by her youngest son, Bartley. Also the mild conflict between Maurya and her son is revealed indirectly. Later the audience can view Bartley to act in conflict his old mother. When Maurya warns Bartley not to touch the rope, saying, â€Å"You'd do right to leave that rope, Bartley, hanging by the boards†, he does not pay heed to her and takes the rope. Later on, Maurya’s conflict with the sea as well as with her destiny is revealed in the drama, as the audience watches her saying: â€Å"They're all gone now, and there isn't anything more the sea can do to me† (Riders to the Sea). Also in its remote sense, Aristotle’s concept of music can be applied to Synge’s works. â€Å"Riders to the Sea† is fraught with expressions that are all musical, rhythmic and poetic. One from a number of such expressions is as following: â€Å"If it wasn't found itself, that wind is raising the sea, and there was a star up against the moon, and it rising in the night†¦what is the price of a thousand horses against a son where there is one son only?† (Riders to the Sea) This expression is symbolic in the sense that the position of the moon and the sta r has been used symbolically to refer to something arcane and ominous. Also in this passage, â€Å"wind† has been personified as a monstrous living being. Such symbolisms, personifications and style of expression have endowed the drama with some musical qualities. Indeed the plot of Synge’s drama has been developed through the conflicts, (character-character conflict and character-fate) expressed through dialogue and actions-interactions among the characters. But the

Leadership Approach Essay Example for Free

Leadership Approach Essay Identify and discuss the six trait characteristics in the trait approach to leadership. If one does not have these traits, can he or she still be a leader? Explain your position Six traits characteristics of leadership are as identified by Mann(1959) study of leadership and small groups are as followed, intelligence, masculinity, adjustment, dominance, extraversion, and conservatism. There is many traits to leaders from numerous studies, but the focal point of those studies seem to lay with integrity, intelligence, self-confidence, sociability and are defined below. (Northouse, 2010) Integrity- Honesty, trustworthiness, and quality all traits of integrity give an employee a sense of trust and take responsibility for their actions. Self-confidence- Self-esteem and self-assurance and belief in ones competencies and skills have ability to make an impact. Sociability- Is a leader’s inclination to seek out pleasant social relationships, friendly, outgoing, courteous, tactful and diplomatic. Determination- Determination and desire to get the job done initiative, persistence, dominance, and drive are all key characteristics. Overall when it comes to being a leader you don’t have to have a title to be a leader, as we all have probably been involved with people in leadership positions that are everything but a leader. I think that leaders are molded by their experience, environment and exposure to good and bad leaders and from leadership traits from above. I feel that if you don’t have any of the traits of being a leader you will struggle to be one, but I believe everyone has the traits of being a leader, you just have to dig inside and find that leader inside you. References Northouse, P. G. (2010). Leadership Theory And Practice / Fifth Edition. Los Angles: Sage Publication.

Behaviorism Essay -- Psychology, Pavlov, Thorndike

Behaviorism according to Craig & Dunn (2010, p.14), is defined as the view that the appropriate focus of psychology should be on observable behavior. There were several people that help contribute to the study of behaviorism; however there are five that were key in pioneering what we know today; Ivan Pavlov, Edward Lee Thorndike, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born September 14, 1849 in Ryazan, Russia. His father was a poor village priest, who wanted his son to become a priest as well. Pavlov had planned to become a priest until the age of 21, when he decided he was more interested in a scientific career, (Crain, 2011, p.180). For most of his career he was dedicated to physiological investigations, and in 1904 he won the Nobel Prize for his work on the digestive system. According to Ivan Pavlov.com (2003) the most important dates of his life included, 1907 when he was elected Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1912 given an honorary doctorate at Cambridge University, and 1915 awarded the Order of the Legion of Honour at the recommendation of the Medical Academy of Paris. He died on February 27, 1936. Around the time that he turned 50 was when he started his work on the conditioned reflexes; however for a while he could not decide whether to pursue the implications of his new discovery or to continue with his earlier research, after a long struggle with it, he began studying the conditioning process (Crain, 2011, pp.180-181). Pavlov coined the classical conditioning â€Å"a type of learning in which an association is learned between an environmental event and the stimulus-response reflex that follows (e.g., a salivary response when a person smells delicious food, even before t... ...es the influence of the social behavior of others on our learning†, (Craig & Dunn, 2010, p.16). His most famous experiment was that of the Bobo doll, where he would have three sets of children watch a video, where an adult would begin to beat on the doll and in the end one would get punished, one would get praised, and one would have nothing at all. Then those groups would get their own Bobo doll and he would watch to see if they would have the same aggressions that the adults showed. Some of the important times of his life have been; 1953 began teaching at Stanford University, 1974 served as the president of APA, 1980 received the APA’s Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions, and 2004 Outstanding Lifetime Contributions to Psychology by the American Psychological Association, (Cherry, 2010). He is currently still alive and teaching at Stanford University.

Learning Strategies and Information-Processing Development Essay

Learning can be simply defined as the process that leads to relatively permanent change in behavior or potential change in a person’s behavior. Learning makes one change the way they perceive the environment, react to stimuli and interact. Cognitive psychology is a very important branch of modern psychology. The main focus of this approach is the memory-how information is stored and retrieved. Several theories have been developed with regard to this subject such as the stage theory (Atkinson & Shriffin, 1968). The stage theory model is widely accepted since it proposes that information is processed and stored in three sequential stages i.e. â€Å"the sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory† (Atkinson & Shriffin, 1968, p. 90). In addition to this model other accepted theories include â€Å"levels-of-processing† theory proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972), the parallel-distributed processing model and the connectionistic model. This paper examines how attention, memory, recognition and knowledge are related to various learning strategies. In addition, the paper discusses how visual-perceptual, motor and language relate to information processing development. Information processing development As stated in the introduction above, cognitive psychology forms an integral part of the discipline of psychology. The most widely used theory is the stage theory whose focus is on how information is stored in memory. Information is processed in three stages and this is done in a serial and scholastic manner. Another important theory is the â€Å"levels-of-processing† theory whose proposition is that the learner utilizes different levels of explanation as he or she processes in formation. A major advantage of the information-processing strategies is in their explicitness and accuracy in diving complex cognitive functions into distinct elements that can be easily studied. However, when it comes to analyzing cognition into its distinct parts; information processing fails to re-unite them into a general, comprehensive construct. In addition, most information processing tools such as computer models have lost touch with real-life learning experiences (Berk, 2009). Information processing approach towards cognition seeks to explain how the learner (children and adults) operate on the different types of information. Most scholars view the mind as a complex system (a type of computer) through which information flows and is manipulated. General models such as the store model by Atkinson and Shiffrin assume that information is stored in three parts of the brain for processing: â€Å"the sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory† (Berk, 2010, para.1). Craik and Lockhart (1972) level-of-processing model assumes that information is transferred from working memory to the long-term memory depending on the level processing. There exist several other information processing developmental models such as the Case’s theory which is a reinterpretation of Piaget’s theory of information processing model. Case views cognitive development as the increase in information processing capacity as a result of brain development which can be linked to more efficient learning strategies. Connectionism on the other hand explains information processing development as a result of learning strategies such as computer-simulated strategies which enhance; inter-connectivity of processing units that are well stratified just like the neurological structure of the brain. Siegler’s using his model of learning strategy choice argues that, learners always generate a number of strategies for problem solving, the more the experience, the more strategies are selected or discarded (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2008). Attention is a critical factor when it comes to human thinking, it dictates the information that will be considered when undertaking a task. Attention is greatly enhanced during early and middle stages of childhood. Thus, improved attention makes one to be more adaptable, selective and organized. Enhanced cognitive reticence and efficacy of attentional learning strategies are pertinent to the fine-tuning of selective attention. The fine tuning of attentional learning strategies takes place in four stages: â€Å"production deficiency, control deficiency, utilization deficiency, and effective strategy use† (para.2). Whenever there is a problem with attention students would develop learning disorders. The argument here is that, when a student is learning a new concept, their attention needs to be focused on the new concept.   If they fail to fully pay their attention, it means that they will have a serious problem with the learning of the new information (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2008). Memory strategies are said to improve with age, as children continue to develop various methods such as, organization, and elaboration. This increases the likelihood of storing information in working memory and its consequential transfer to the long-term knowledge bank. Thus, over childhood stages and even in adolescence, students’ recall steadily improves as knowledge is continually amassed and its organization is improved effectively. Children’s metacognitive abilities usually change from passivity to activity. A more productive view of mental functioning increases with the increase in awareness of information processing strategies, cognitive aptitudes, and task variables. Self-regulation cognitively develops gradually during childhood and adolescence stages. Recently, scholars of information-processing have focused their attention towards academic learning of children (Berk, 2009). Visual-perceptual, motor and language relation to information processing development A visual-perceptual skill is simply the brain’s ability to process information as seen.   Previously, most scholars had assumed that a deficiency in visual-perceptual skills was directly linked to the malfunctioning of the eye.   That is having a poor physical vision or poor muscle control in the eye. However, the presence or absence of physical vision has nothing to do with visual perceptual. Instead, visual perceptual refers to the ability of the brain the receiving of visual information, its interpretation, organization, storage, and transmission Thus, if a student’s brain is not properly storing information, recall will definitely be poor. This directly affects the student’s ability to concentrate and read since he or she has a slow recall of words. The slowing down of recall can also have a negative impact on their mathematical abilities let alone their fluency in speech and reading (Smith 2004). Language and phonological processing abilities are affected by the student’s ability to store, process, and retrieve information.   Usually language and phonological problems are rooted to reading disorders.   Many students with reading disorders have difficulty storing, processing, and retrieving information.   A normal student’s left brain hemisphere becomes dominant when they are carrying out tasks involving language processing (Berk 2009). A student’s motor skills are also an important factor when discussing about learning strategies.   Children will learn from their interaction with the environment; this ability is affected hindered by a child’s motor or verbal skills, a child will learn better when their motor skills are well developed.   This can be observed in a math class.   A conventional practice in the learning of fractions is the use of multiplication.   A student with a problem with their motor skills will have a problem with the use of manipulatives.   Thus they will definitely have it rough when it comes to the learning of fractions (Berk, 2010). Conclusion This paper argues that there exist several other information processing developmental models such as the Case’s theory which is a reinterpretation of Piaget’s theory of information processing model. Case views cognitive development as the increase in information processing capacity as a result of brain development which can be linked to more efficient learning strategies. The most widely used theory is the stage theory whose focus is on how information is stored in memory. Learning strategies such as memory strategies are pertinent to the process of information development. Information processing approach towards cognition explains how the learner operates on various kinds of information. The mind is a complex system (a type of computer) through which information flows and is manipulated. Deficits in information processing skills have negative impacts on a student’s ability to learn effectively. This is attributed to the reason that all learning is relatively cumulative.  Thus, problems in learning should be detected early in enough and solved otherwise; they would get worse with advancement of age.

Behavioral Aspects of Project Management Essay

Organizational culture can influence the overall success of a project. Unfortunately, in the given scenario the project is both behind schedule and over budget. Several key team members left in disgust and the morale of the remaining team is low and they fear they will be doing extra work without compensation. In this scenario project leadership is essential to the projects success. This project team needs a leader who can not only get this project back on track but can also build the morale of this demoralized team. This project cannot be managed in a routine fashion. Already behind schedule and over budget, this project will require innovation, skill and a highly competent project manager in order to proceed. 1. How does organizational culture influence the selection, sponsorship, prioritization, and ultimate success of projects?One of the most critical factors for project success is organizational culture and behavior to support project management process. As a result, it is highly important for organizations and managers to understand the influence of organizational behavior and culture in order to meet ultimate success of projects. In this case, we should first know the definition of organizational culture. Organizational culture is made up of attitudes, beliefs, values and behavior of its employees. It is the workplace environment formulated from the interaction of the employees in the workplace. Organizational culture is defined by all of the life experiences, strengths, weaknesses, education, upbringing, and so forth of the employees. While executive leaders play a large role in defining organizational culture by their actions and leadership, all employees contribute to the organizational culture. (1)(2)Organizational culture is important to a project success for several reasons. They are also an important source of stability and continuity to the organization, which provides a sense of security to its members. 2. In what ways could organizational culture create conditions that could lead to the scenario described above?Failing to initiate â€Å"crucial conversations† may be the single biggest cause of project failure, according to preliminary findings of an ongoing study on project management. Thus, project managers’ inability to talk to people about five often-occurring  negative situations frequently leads to failure. Setting arbitrary deadlines and inadequate resources that â€Å"set up a project to fail†. Failing to provide the necessary leadership, political clout or energy for a project. Skirting or manipulating the project priority-setting process. An unwillingness by team members to support projects as required. Failing to acknowledge project problems until it is too late for remedial action. (6)A failure to clearly and completely define the requirements results in building the wrong features or leaving gaps in the features needed. New or state-of-the-art technology is causing unanticipated problems. A poor technical design doesn’t allow the solution to be easily modified or is not scalable. Requirements are not frozen late in the project, and continued change requests start to cause the project to drift. Technology components do not fit together as designed. Poor initial testing techniques cause repeated errors and rework in later tests. (7)3. What role does project leadership play in the success of projects?Project managers have a wide range of responsibilities and face a number of challenges (challenges relate to fundamental functions: planning, organizing, hiring, coordinating, and monitoring) in a variety of areas, on a daily basis. A project manager’s role is a challenging one and requires equal measures of good organizational ability, good people skills, and the technical capacity to judge both individual performance and project  milestones. Project leaders play a significant role in the success of a project. With poor leadership, a sophisticated tool or technique only gives a bad leader the opportunity to do more damage. The person may be a better project manager, but he or she may not be a better project leader. (8) A project leader might contribute different roles in the success of a project. The new role of the project manager requires an ultimate knowledge of the strategy of the project. The PL is responsible for observing and analyzing project process and project structure. (14)A project leader must possess a certain set of combination skills and characteristics that can be used to manage projects successfully including:The diplomatic skills to solicit input and negotiate compromises, having the ability to ask penetrating questions, identifies unstated assumptions, flexible enough to roll with the changes, and resolve personnel conflicts along with more systematic management skills. (12)(13)(15) Also,Developing a grand visionBuilding, leading and mentoring the project management teamLeadership, Facilitation, communicative, Selling (promote and sell the project both within and outside the organization), Presentation skillsPeople-management skills such as constructive feedback, conflict resolution, managing individual styles and personalitiesSkills at interfacing across the organization and removing obstacles for the teamAbility to accept criticism, feedback, and input from othersSkills in using team-based tools such as brainstorming, organizing, decision-making, Project management, conflict resolution, and so on (14)(10)4. Does this role change under the conditions described in the scenario? If so, how and why? If not, why not? To overcome with this scenario, organization should hire a skilled and innovated PM who is able to lead perfectly and solve the above scenario and get the project back on track. (16)In this situation, the new leader must be able to analyze what resources were lost, when key team members left, create a new organizational culture according to the project, and create an inspiring corporate culture that inspires, empowers and energizes project team members. Generally, the project in this situation needs a leader to have enough power to make him/her able for changing the organizational culture, hiring new staffs, offering project members a sense of common purpose beyond the day-to-day  tasks, making work exciting, moving people with a compelling vision, inspiring and encouraging team members to act perfectly for achieving performance. The other important thing which is so vital in any relationship and the new leader must pay attention is building up the morale and trust among team membe rs. The new leader can help build trust faster by following these 10 practical steps:Know the players. Confirm leader role. Identify preconceptions. Set expectations. Involve the team in decisions. Do what you said you were going to do. Deliver informative status reports. Be honest. (17)(18)By bringing a new PM to the project according to case scenario, the role of Project leader would not change. Only, the new leader duties will increase since key member of the project left while the rest of team has lost their trust and motive and feel frustrated and stressed. As a result, it would be much harder for the new leader to reorganize the project progress, project members, build up and improve morale and trust within the project team-members, and let the team members know how important they are for the organization and project. In this case, leader will identify and recognize each member’s duty, skills and their job within this project process and it would be easier for the leader to define tasks. Thus, defining an effective communication plan is critical success through the course of a project. Leader must describe the project in a clear way to ensure that all tasks and responsibilities are going to be done on time and meet the schedules and deadlines. At this time it’s become highly important  for a project manager to decide whether he needs to hire some people to replace the key people or he needs to compensate the people that around in rough time with the project with the salary he would pay to new people because project is already running behind schedule. In such case the second option is more suitable, assuming the current group has the capabilities to complete the project, since project is already over budget. 5) How can a project manager build and manage a successful project team?Building a good team is extremely challenging and rewarding at the same time. It calls for some astute planning. The three most important lessons are: be true to the team’s vision, give people space to operate and develop as leaders and remain intellectually sharp as a team. The first will give the team purpose and direction, the second will give them the ability to deliver and the last will keep the team young and jumping out of their beds on Mondays. Team building in this context is a prized skill that managers are willing to invest in. It has become critical to find â€Å"team players† when selecting people for a job or business project. An organization’s potential will end where the imagination of a sharp team does. There is a lot more involved than simple complimentary skills when building an elite team. Here are seven practices at the heart of building a first-rate team. 1- Get the best on boardA PM should get only those people on board his bus who really understand and value the vision of the project. Also he should make sure and inform those people that it might be a rough or smooth ride so they don’t have any surprises2- Align tasks to skillsIf you allow your team members to progress into the areas where they excel and are interested in, you will effectively keep them engaged and free yourself from the risk of having disgruntled and frustrated team members. 3- Strike the right balanceMost projects require a mix of activities. A team needs to have a balanced set of skills, especially if the majority of the  members are specialists in their field (consultants, analysts, IT experts). All skills will come into play while the team carries out its task, and any lack can result in the hampering of the project. 4- Manage the team mixIt is difficult to predict whether the team mix is correct and if it facilitates success; therefore, constant monitoring is indispensable. Allowing someone to remain on the team when they are a mismatch can prove counter productive. Other members may become resentful when no action is taken and they are obligated to cover for a non-productive member. 5- Give the credit and take the blameDo not indulge in fault-finding or blame games. Pigeonholing a particular member of the team may spread negative vibes within the team and cost you time and quality. Celebrating every small success and appreciating team members will build a sense of camaraderie between team members. 6- Be hard on tasks and soft on peopleThe focus should be on getting the job done. Giving space to every member of the team would allow them to develop their true potential as leaders. A good player always passes the ball. Even superstars need to work as a team player. Individual accomplishments mean little if they don’t enable the team to succeed. Q 6If the new Project manager is able to apply the effective leadership style, and create a team harmony between old team members and new comers, that will certainly revitalize the project Effectiveness. Together with project management discipline, addressing these items will dramatically increase the probability of project success. As we know that just as the main reasons that projects fail are related to human nature and interaction, so are our keys to project management effectiveness. We find that o ¬nly when the appropriate culture, mindset and behaviors are in place are the project management processes able to drive value. If the project manager is able to insert these changes the organizational culture will change to one of high morale, employee satisfaction, employee involvement, formation of groups, open communication lines, and higher employee motivation, employees  embracing the change process, understanding both the ups and downs of the project, like the schedule and budget issues mentioned in the scenario, etc.)Selection & rejuvenating the team: As the project is already behind schedule and over budget, so the Project Manager should focus on selection process more seriously. There are old team members who are already working on the project with lack of resources and guidelines. To relieve these work forces from work overload, there are needs of new workforces to join as team and work together effectively. If the project manager is able to spend more time in selection process that will bring the best into the project board/team, which will certainly save, time and cost. Assign and align task as per the expertise: Once the selection is done, Project manger should categorize the tasks and subtasks as per the critical and non critical path and empower the team members as per their expertise, so they don’t caught up with authentication. This process will enable the project team to work at their best with self-motivation and develop a high degree of morale. Optimum uses of human resources at their synergy will help the project to run smoothly and reduce the project delay. Team synchronization and acculturation: A balance in terms of personality and temperament also needs to be achieved, which will promote better relationships between members of the team. Closely watching the interpersonal dynamics within the team. So by bringing the people together who have the skill sets along with the adaptability and flexibility to work with different people. Synchronized and organizational acculturation enable the project too speed up the scheduled task without any constraints and develop team satisfaction. Communication and collaboration: The concurrent changes within the team rejuvenation and synchronization will enable the project team to communicate effectively and bring the sense of collaboration with in the players. As the project is already behind the schedule, so open line communication and collaborative measures will be developed. Effective measurements: Once the organizational culture is set and adapted by  the project team, there will be an easy access for Project manager to evaluate the project success. Evaluation is very critical at this point of time, as project being behind the schedule and over the budget; project manager should imply the every allocated resource at their optimum use and assessment of every activities and achievements within the due time. Q7)An effective project team leader is a â€Å"social architect† who understands the interaction of organizational and behavioral variables can foster a climate of active participation and can minimize dysfunctional conflict. To be effective and to make better relationship among team members, the team leader must identify major issues associated with three dimensions. These are team related with emphasis on behavioral aspects such as team structure, trust and respect, or barriers to team development and so on also project tasks and resource related to it such as goals and objectives, planning and scope management are essential. What if the other essential ingredient, the team, the followers? Ideally, the more the team can be motivated and empowered to â€Å"take the bull by the horns†, the more productive they become and the less direction and control is required. This has led to the concept of Self Directed Work Teams (Swats). According to Batten, there are 6 things that members of a successful team need from their leader to built better relationship:Expectation (Tell me what you expect of me)Opportunity (Give me an opportunity to perform)Feedback (Let me know how I am doing)Guidance (Give me guidance when and where I need it)Reward (Reward me according to my contribution)Friendly environment (give me open working-environment)Given these prerequisites, both the members of a project team, the followers, and their leader can be expected to progress and develop interactively. The leader focuses successively on telling, selling, gelling and producing project activities, in which the idea is for the team to become an SDWT. However, this only occurs as a result of careful team development and typically advances interactively through four distinct phases of team leadership and â€Å"follower ship† evolution. The four phases of team development have been characterized as â€Å"forming, storming, norming an d performing†. Relationship among Team Members and External resources:Building relationship among the project team and the external resources is the main part for the project to serve the project of the company. We have to identify their level of involvement and work with them accordingly. The key to getting the most out of the outsourcing relationship with the internal project team is to have a good plan in place before hand and to work that plan, but remain flexible. The company must have a clear business goal and an understanding of the role the outsourcing partner which they will play in helping attain that goal. Performance metrics for the outsourced engagement must be in place so that the client company knows weather or not the outsourcing, train and educate the staff in the project management model. And, most importantly, manage communication effectively. Again and effective communication among team members and any outsourced contractor is probably the most critical outsourcing success factor. In fact, it is so critical in a situation where professional services are being provided and contracted for creating a maintaining sound relationship with external resourcesQ8) how would these strategies differ under the conditions described in the scenario. The team is in bad situation, and the previous team has been totally scattered. For this instance the strategies we have defined for the relationship among team members and with external resources will not be the same. So the managing change strategy will be good to handle the situation. So what I believe and also depending upon my finding a project manager should comply with certain strategies which will be helpful according to the current situation. First of all PM will find out that what the reason behind the old situation was? And why the previous manager left also why the team members are scattered and having low moral. Communication with the team members will be the key tool to identify the problem and emotion individually. After identifying the all the key problems in points the role of the PM will to point our the points to coach the employees or team players and to make their moral high, so the PM should inspire people to move forward and make objectives real and relevant. It will also be helpful for the team members to built and maintain the external relationship. Also encourage the team members continue to achieve the final goal according to their task with responsibility on time is the one of the important strategy  too. Although several key team members have quit in disgust, the PM should design the team again, get the right people in place with the right emotional commitment, and the right mix of skills and levels. As the project is behind schedule and over budget, the PM should review the post vision, get the team to establish a simple and right vision, and then focus on emotional and creative aspects necessary to drive the team effectively by building cohesion in between them also with external resources. The project is behind schedule and over budget, the PM should review the post vision, get the team to establish a simple and right vision, and then focus on emotional and creative aspects necessary to drive the team effectively. Now to let the work done properly PM has to take an empowerment action by removing obstacles, enable constructive feedback and lots of support, also PM should reward and recognize progress and achievements. PM also has to highlight achieved milestones time by time. CONCLUSION:In this paper we have addressed the influence organizational culture can have on successful project management. The organizational mission, vision, and value statements shape the expected ethical behavior of individuals. Leadership is an integral part of successful project completion. Effective leadership can influence the moral of a dysfunctional team by building trust within a team. In building an effective project team, the project manager needs to set established principles and hold team members accountable for performance and behavior that is consistent with the organizational culture. Different strategies are needed to successfully manage relationships among team members and the relationship between the team and external resources. Establishing achievable outcomes and linking performance to those outcomes allows team members to recognize achievements. Individual success leads to team success and ultimately organizational success. A culture that supports these strategies will have a competitive edge in the area of successful project management References: 1.Human Resources, Change Management, http://humanresources.about.com/od/organizationalculture/Organizational_Culture_Corporate_Culture_in_Organizations.htm2.Organizational culture, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_culture3.Strategic Leadership and Decision Making (ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE) ,aa

Aus Lit Essays

Aus Lit Essays Aus Lit Essay Aus Lit Essay The Great World souses on the heart of war as a human experience which allows Mulatto go beyond these traditional notions of brutality and futility that characterize many texts about war (Rhodes, 2014, p. 3). The major military failure at Singapore highlights the nations feelings of isolation, abandonment, insecurity and describes the age of terror in which Australia found itself. Mallow notes, in a 2009 interview, that growing up in Australia during the sis, sis and sis was difficult due to the fact that war had become a way of life (Mooney, p. 84). Mallow notes that the manhood of young men was ultimately questioned on a daily basis: You will be going to war one day. How will you deal with that? What sort of man, basically, are you? (Mooney, 2009, p. 84). With this premise in mind, Mallow created the POP situation in which the central characters Vic and Diggers state of mind and sense of self and difference in identity is explored. Prior to Vic and Diggers capture by the Japanese in Changing, both men live very different lives. Vic has been brought up in a hostile and violent environment which has left him to become defensive of the world around him. This ultimately left Vic feeling as if the roll owes him for the happy, loving environment which he missed through his impoverished, unjust and unfair childhood (Rhodes, 2014). In juxtaposition to Vic, Digger is open to and accepting of the world, with a desire to get to the bottom of things (Griffith University, 2014, p. 56). It is this difference in character, fundamental makeup and varied responses to life, during and after their POP experience, that demonstrate Mallows aim of interrogating human nature in order to foster understanding (Rhodes, 2014, p 1). Mallow commences his representation of the POP experience with Digger in Changing. It becomes clear that we are thrust into an existence removed from fighting. Digger is finding it difficult to deal with the despondency of his experience its worse than anything (Mallow, 1990, p. 1 1 1 The description reveals that the Saps caught out by the sudden inundation of prisoners, do not have the knowledge or resources to effectively run the camp. As the days went by slowly, Digger and his fellow soldiers begin to form a normal routine. Digger clings to Mac and Doug more than ever but is finding it difficult to get on with Vic who he couldnt stand (Mallow, 1990, p. 13). As these two very different representations of masculinity continue their POP journey, their relationship shifts as they experience the realistic and less than glamorous loss of their mutual friend Mac and Diggers near death experience in Thailand. It is clear that growth in the relationship between Digger and Vic takes place and they are connected spiritually over their mutual experiences (Rhodes, 2014). It is noted by Taylor (1994), that Mallow persists in communicating this closeness as mysterious. Perhaps, Mallow is commenting that even though Vic and Digger have been wrought the same experience and ultimately survived, What is essential in their character and identity remains ultimately unchanged (Rhodes, 2014, p. 5). Mallows representation of Digger and Vic during their POP experience is far removed from the traditional notions of brutality and futility which are so reminiscent of movies and texts about war (Rhodes, 2014). Mallow is also careful not to romanticism or rely on traditional nationalistic cliches of heroism or imitates in his representation of this central event. One example of Mallow steering clear of these established traditions, is during Diggers ear-death experience in Thailand due to a tropical ulcer. A concerned Vic visits Digger in hospital where he is in a state of delusion: he had begun a light-hearted descent towards a place of light, and had decided to go with it (Mallow, 1990, p. 58). Upon seeing Diggers condition, Vic bravely carries Digger to the edge of a river to allow the fish to digest his rotting flesh and decontaminate his putrid wound. Mallow realistically expresses Diggers realization of his condition and continuation of life: it was the news of his own corruption, the smell, still as yet a little way off, of his own death. It has sickened him. Now, slowly he felt the smell recede (Mallow, 1 990, p. 161). Mallows frank and grotesque imagery dehumidifies his character and enables readers to understand that, by looking at the place of war in the human experience, we can go beyond the concept of lifes continuity, after such catastrophes, to accept them as consistent with and part of the fabric of human life (Rhodes, 2014, p. 1). David Mallows representation of Australian Prisoners of War in Singapore and Thailand during World War II is realistic and careful not to evaluate their horrific experience in a romanticists and traditional manner. Mallow wants his readers to understand the place of war as part of the human experience, which during his childhood was simply part of the fabric of human life (Rhodes, 2014, p. 1). The different version of masculinity and character, presented through the characters of Vic and Digger, serve to demonstrate Mallows point that even though the two unlikely friends have been through similar experiences, their identities remain ultimately unchanged (Taylor, 1994, p. 48). Vic continues to seek the life he missed as a child and continues the view that the world still owes him something (Rhodes, 2014). In contrast, Digger continues to live in the moment, always with a better, bigger future (Rhodes, 2014, p. 3). Mallows representation of the POP experience in The Great World does not solely exist to highlight the experiences of POSS. in Singapore and Thailand, but the mysterious complexity of living people, and the way in which they respond to particular experiences in their lives based upon their individual natures (Rhodes, 2014). Reference List: Bickering, Patrick, 1 994, Astonished by Everything: The Functions of Sublime Discourse in David Mallows Fiction, in Amanda Intellect (des), Provisional Maps: Critical Essays on David Mallow, COAL, Midlands, Western Australia, up. 35-50. Griffith University, 2014, LACKS Australian Literature and History B Study Guide, Griffith University, Nathan, SLD. Mallow, D. 1999, The Great World, Random House, Great Britain. Mooney, B. 2009, Interview with David Mallow. Rhodes, C. 2014, Only we humans can know: David Mallow and war. Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature, volt. 39, no. 1, up. 1-10. Taylor, Andrew 1994, The Great World, History, and Two or One Other Things, in Amanda Intellect (des), Provisional Maps: Critical Essays on David Mallow, COAL, Midlands, Western Australia, up. 35-50. Question Two Focus: Ifs Raining in Mango In Its Raining in Mango, Indigenous Australian family history ends in the sass as it began in the sass; with oppression, exclusion, violence and injustice. Discuss tragedy and satire in Styles representation of race relations in tropical Queensland. Thee Styles 1987 novel, Its Raining in Mango, takes a critical approach to Tropical Queensland history and politics from the late 1 sass to the sass (Griffith University. 2014). Readers are confronted with a satirical and tragic presentation of colonial history and Indigenous relations in Queensland. Less Raining in Mango works to emphasis the devastation caused by colonization on Indigenous people and the lasting refusal of colonial regimes to recognize the cause of effects of this devastation (Dale, 1999, p. 21). Throughout the Leafless family history, spanning over one hundred years, readers are confronted with many instances of Indigenous mistreatment and general injustice. The Leafless are respectful of Aboriginals and despise their oppressive and racial treatment. The story commences with Young George ND Biddings relationship and concludes with Wills friendship with Charley and Billy Mumbled. Throughout the novel, we are informed of the slaughter of Aboriginal people, the forcible removal of children from their families and, later, the unfair treatment of Aboriginal people by different members of society. Some of these instances, and their portrayal, will be examined in order to examine Styles bitter satire and overall message that, whilst relations between Indigenous peoples may have improved over the years, damaging racist attitudes still exist in our society. Styles tragic presentation of the treatment of Indigenous people in Tropical Queensland in 1861 begins with the proclamation of the clearance of black land-owners (Style, 2010, p. 19). Style is asking us to envision the traditional owners of the land as individuals with no autonomy, dehumidified because of their difference in appearance and culture (Genii, 2009). This representation turns somewhat satirical when we see Cornelius and George discover a dozen decomposing Indigenous men during their travels. This vision sickens Cornelius and the young George. We see Cornelius liberal attitudes surface after George asks his father whether blacks are worthless: One would think so, Cornelius replies we are trained to believe so. Hope you wont (Style, 201 0, p. 30). This proclamation of Cornelius liberal beliefs, highlights and accentuates the absolute tragedy and disgusting deeds of the miners, whilst satirically positioning the brutally murdered Indigenous men as being of less worth than an animal. Style positions her readers to ponder upon how different the settlement of Australia would have been if it were filled with the Cornelius Leafless of the world. The tragic representation of Indigenous people is continued with the next generation of Leafless and their Indigenous counterparts around the year 191 5 in the form Of Jackie and Newly Mumbled and George and Magma, with the forcible removal of Knells baby, Charley. This scene is tragic, particularly when Jackie pronounces: we make kids for whites now. Cant they make their own kids, eh? Take everything. Land. Kids. Dont give nothing, only take (Style, 2010, p. 84). This tragedy demonstrates the evolution of Indigenous oppression and injustice through the form of a new generation. Pond the forcible removal of the young Charley by police, it is heartwarming to see the protection of the child by George and Magma. This again is a continuation of what could have been if more individuals were as accepting and respectful of the Indigenous culture. During this scene Style employs facets of satire, particularly during the policemans pushy and forceful interrogation of George and Magma. When asked as to whether he and his wife are aware Newly has any children, he responds ironically and sarcastically: Youre wasting your time here, let me tell you. Youre wasting mine as well. But thats what governments for isnt it? (Style, 2010, p. 87). Similarly to George, Magma also pipes in with language reminiscent of sarcasm and mockery: l told you that. Perhaps the cat has your ears as well. If you shout and nag and humiliate her, youll never get an answer. Cant you understand something as basic as that? (Style, 201 0, p. 88). Again, Styles employment of blatant satirical statements exaggerate the tragedy and unfair treatment of Aboriginal people (Dale 1999). Furthermore, the use of satire forces the reader to question the reason why Style had such an interest in his alienated and outcast group of people and the sardonic eye she casts on the racist attitudes of the residents of Tropical Queensland (Sheridan, 2003). Styles use of satire when examining the tragic and shameful parts of our history, demonstrate her lack of interest in nationalist themes and highlight her focus on modernism (Sheridan, 2003, p. 61). This exaggerated agenda presented in Its Raining in Mango, also ignites and invites the reader to ponder the extent to which the brutal injustices described are after all literary exaggerations (Griffith University, 2014, p. 43). The emergence of the next generation of Leafless appears in the form of Will, Georges son and his friend Billy and father Charley, direct descendents of Biding. Again, Style presents to her readers the various forms of oppression, violence and injustice against Indigenous people in the sass. The event where Billy is jailed for six weeks with hard labor for tax evasion is a tragedy and disgrace. This event is a tragedy because Billy had never been educated about what a tax form actually was: but the tax people were charging him provisional tax and he didnt understand (Style, 2010, p. 89). If someone had educated Billy, then the situation could have been avoided. Billy is forced to travel the long journey back to Mango from the jail and experiences a myriad of injustices. The most prolific injustice is his treatment by a barman who cheats him out of his change: l said what about me change? l put it there mate, right in front of you (Style, 2010, p. 193). Upon close examination and the tragedy of Billys oppression, there are underlying features of satirical musings. Through Billy s experiences, see begin to see a sense of fight in Billy in the face of adversity. He tries to explain his situation to the arresting cop and fights for his right to his change in the bar, to no avail. This is contrasted to his realization as he walks in the pouring rain on his way back to Mango that he has not actually fought to keep his language: the nobility of the forward line his great- grandfather Biding had advised in the tribal language he had almost forgotten now except as sounds that picked at his dreams (Style, 2010, p. 194). This tragic realization culminates into more oppression where no matter what he did there was only a paralyzing sense of effort in an imprecise landscape (Style, 201 0, p. 94). The saturation of Sergeant Perrys lack of reaction to the brutal fight: full of the realization of his own irony and unfairness (Style, 201 0, p. 203) demonstrates that the haphazard and violent means by which Europeans penetrated the Australian wilderness is a cycle which cannot be easily broken (Genii, 2009, p. 20). Thee Styles Its Raining in Mango, serves as a tool to challenge the simple-minded celebratory narratives of the colonization of Australia (Dale, 1999). According to Style, he racist attitudes of Australian people in Tropical Queensland may have seemingly improved over the years, but racist attitudes and mistreatment continue to exist. The selfless, respectful attitudes of the Leafless is refreshing and somewhat saddening in its portrayal, as it forces the reader to ponder upon what could have been if racist attitudes had not become so prevalent.

Managed Care Organizations and Integrated Health Care Networks Assignment - 1

Managed Care Organizations and Integrated Health Care Networks - Assignment Example According to Kavaler & Spiegel the physicians have a duty to keep all the information from the patients as confidential as possible. The physicians should deal with information without interfering with the code of ethics and adhere to all the legal procedures. There are cases when the physician should not disclose the patient’s confidentiality unless required by the federal law. This can occur when a patient threatens to cause body harm to himself or the other partner. Therefore, the ethical requirements are not a set of rules but acts as a legal procedure. Health Maintenance Organization (HMOs) assumes fully the risk with the employer, insurer, and oneself. In this type, payments are done on each individual employee or member in a given population in a specific month. The staff model for this type of organization comprises the employees in HMO. Furthermore, they are supposed to be physicians from HMO and can only become specialists after approval. Either a doctor or a nurse administers the cancer drugs and it may require that before some drugs be administered before reapprove.

Reply to Sor Filotea de la Cruz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reply to Sor Filotea de la Cruz - Essay Example The letter highlights the efforts this lady has taken to gain knowledge in order to alleviate ignorance. It campaigns for equality in opportunities to both men and women by women rising to their feet and grabbing chances of obtaining erudition. Women lack competence because of deficient of education. In the most important parts of the letter, the nun talks about stereotyping. How she fought odds and wished to be treated like a man with respect and being given equal opportunities like them. She however was respectful to orders and instructions so that her religious values cannot be eroded. It was also mandatory for a woman to be reverential and submissive to men and any one of older age. She yearned for education and dreamt of even going to the university as boys did. She abstained from certain foods for fear of being dumb as they claim they made one. She wanted an equal place as the other gender but it clearly was not possible at that time. She had a thirst for knowledge and did what she could in her capacity to learn of the most important things she felt she wanted to know about. In this letter she has claimed that the people in her relation criticized her inclination to knowledge citing that it would make her lose her religious strength and make her weak (Stephanie 45)Â  . Th is was the most difficult time for her because obviously support in any person’s Endeavour is always helpful. She loved their companionship and sometimes thought it deprived her of the chance to study. Jealousy, she learned was bound to happen towards an intelligent person especially if the person is a woman. Women are despised and their place regarded as the home only and it would be struggle if they ventured in territories where they are supposedly not to be. One particular example she has used is that of Peter who gained knowledge and was executed. The crown of thorns she has cited, after it witnessed Christ’s persecution declare that aptitude is scorned.